Internal And External Sources Of Finance For Tesco P4

Internal and external sources of finance for Tesco Internal sources of finance (Tesco) Retained earnings: A source of finance used by Tesco is retained earnings. Tesco re-invest a certain percentage of their end of the year profits back into Tesco, so they can improve it. Each year Tesco decide how much money they re-invest, this depends on the profit they make. Fixed assets: Another type of an internal source of finance for Tesco is fixed assets. Fixed assets are an asset that is not consumer or sold during the normal course of business, these are land, buildings, equipment, machinery, vehicles etc. These assets are very hard to convert into cash as it takes time to sell, Tesco would use these assets to fund future operations. Current†¦show more content†¦Business angels usually invest in companies around their home so they can check up on their investments. Government Grants: Tesco are Britain’s biggest supermarket and due to this they employ thousands. The government can give Tesco grants and money to invest back into Tesco. The government will benefit because if Tesco invest the money wisely they will have a successful year therefore the government will receive more tax. An example of Tesco receiving a government grant was in 2009 when they received  £5 million to open a new store in Glasgow. HP: Hire purchase is when a company or person lends out goods to companies for a short period of time, with added interest. Tesco could benefit if they were the company as they would lend out equipment, machinery, property and vehicles, as they would gain interest and also regain some of their investment into the product. Suppliers credit: Supplier’s credit is when a supplier offers the buyer the product they want on credit. This is like getting a loan of sorts as Tesco can pay at a later date. This benefits Tesco as they can order as much stock as they need even if they haven’t got the finances at that time. Sale and lease back: This is when Tesco sells something to a buyer such as equipment,machinery etc and the buyer leases the product back to Tesco immediately. This benefits Tesco as they can use the product without being tied down to the product financially. To Tesco there is some tax benefits toShow MoreRelatedCorporate Strategy of Tesco4090 Words   |  17 PagesHistory P3 Business strategy P3 Corporate strategy P3 Company values P3 Value chain P4 Joint Ventures and Mergers and Acquisitions P4 PESTEL analysis P5 Competitors P7 Figure 1: Tesco’s main competitors P7 Figure 2: Ansoff matrix for Tesco’s marketing strategy P8 Figure 3: Tesco’s sub-bran poisition in the United Kingdom P9 Figure 4: Tesco’s competition in the UK P10 Figure 5: Tesco’s internal competition P10 Core competencies P11 Human Resource P12 Recommendations P13 ConclusionsRead MoreBusiness Resources1984 Words   |  8 PagesBTEC Nationals – Unit: 2 Business Resources Assessor: Sam Ramsay | Internally Verified By: Michele Carman | Criteria Achieved | | Comments Against Target Grade: | | Assignment 1 | P1, P2, M2 | | Assignment 2 | P3, M1 | | Assignment 3 | P4, P6, M4, D3, D1 | | Important ResubmissionWhen you resubmit your assignment, you MUST ensure that YOUR CHANGES are shown in red. Failure to do this is likely to result in your work being missed and your original grade standing. | Student Declaration:By

Black People and James Baldwin Free Essays

Deborah Lee Period 1 May 28,2012 Supplemental Reading Assignment A. The theme of Baldwin’s essay is equality. He establishes this theme in his essay with the juxtaposition of a poor white man and a black man. We will write a custom essay sample on Black People and James Baldwin or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this essay, Baldwin speaks of how â€Å"People are continually pointing out to me the wretchedness of white people in order to console me for the wretchedness of blacks. He says that people say that being black is not that bad because there are white people in the same situation and that there is still hope for the black because of people like Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis but it is still not something â€Å"to be regarded with complacency† because the situations of Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis are just rare. Equality in America at the time was possible with â€Å"determined will,† but still very rare. Another way James Baldwin established the theme of equality in this essay was when he mentioned the projects, more specifically, Riverton. Baldwin establishes this theme of equality through mentioning Riverton for Riverton was a physical representation of the inequality of blacks and whites in America back then. Baldwin said, â€Å"The people in Harlem know they are living there because white people do not think they are good enough to live anywhere else. † There was going to be no equality if people were told to live in certain places because of their color. Baldwin also makes this theme extremely clear when he says, â€Å"Negroes want to be treated like men. † B. The tone of the essay, Fifth Avenue, Uptown: A letter from Harlem by James Baldwin and the tone of the poem, Theme for English B by Langston Hughes are similar. They are similar for both authors show that there is hope for equality through the tone of each text. In the poem, Theme for English B, Hughes says â€Å"You are white — / yet a part of me, as I am a part of you. / That’s American. † Hughes expresses that although he may be the only black person in his class, he is still American like the rest of the class and should be considered equal. The tone of the essay and poem is different from the poem Incident by Countee Collen. This poem’s tone is complete opposite from the other poem and essay for Collen uses more of a doubtful tone. This poem is more about just being sad and bothered that blacks and whites are not equal instead of being hopeful for the equality of the two races that is soon to come like the other poem and essay. C. The perspectives on race in these texts are different than in To Kill a Mockingbird for in To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus believes that there is good and bad in everyone and that nobody should be hated or claimed as all bad. In the book, Scout asks Atticus if it is okay to hate Hitler but Atticus says that you shouldn’t hate anybody, no matter how bad they are because there is a good side to them. This shows that Atticus’ perspective on race is different from the authors of the poems and essay for the authors believe that the whites are bad people because blacks and whites are not equal. While Atticus is just like the authors for he wants equality between black and whites, his perspective is different for he believes that this equality will be brought once the good side comes out of the white people. How to cite Black People and James Baldwin, Essay examples

Experiments

Question: Why Experiments are done? Explain. Answer: Experiments are done for investigating some scientific issues. While conducting an experiment, the scientists usually forms a hypothesis and through the experiment, this hypothesis is being analyzed, whether it is correct or not. In some other processes, scientist figures out some questions regarding the research topic and based on this the research questions the scientists attempt to design the research in such a way that at the end of the experiment, the scientist can achieve the answers of the research questions (Creswell, 2012). Usually, scientists perform an experiment more than one time for ensuring the accuracy of the data. The experimental design is an outline, strategy or plan for conducting the research by finding the answers of each research questions. The scientists choose the appropriate research design for the experiment based on the nature of the experiment. In this context, the researcher would analyze the baseline measures based on which the experimental design would be selected. The experimental design helps to provide a guideline to the scientist for carrying out the experiment in a correct flow and thereby ensuring the achievement of expected research outcomes (Jackson, 2015). The advantages of implementing an experimental design include: Provide an insight of the entire research process. In addition, it helps to figure out the right direction of conducting the research in a systematic measure In experimental design, the scientist can have control over the variables The appropriate research design helps to determine the best population for the experiment It gives more transferability in comparison to anecdotal research It helps to give the research a definite shape Research design helps to avoid bias and reduce experimental errors The disadvantages of implementing an experimental design include: As the research design is implemented by humans, the human errors can happen which might affect the success of the experimental design. Thus, selecting an appropriate experimental design is very important for research success There might be personal bias, as it is entirely dependent upon the scientist conducting the research The results achieved in the experiments might not be applied on different situations and it might be difficult to be replaced by other The results could be artificial as the participants can be influenced by the experimental environment which could enhance the rate of experimental errors and thereby enhancing the chance of getting error prone results from the experiment, that is why the experiments are done more than one time (Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). The right balance of two validity claims is important for a successful research study. If a study has high internal validity when all the confounding variables are controlled, thereby ensuring that only independent variable would affect the dependent variable. On the other hand, external validity is high when the real life situation is considered. However, a study cannot have both external and internal validity high, thus it is better to keep both aspects in mid way, having moderate internal and external validity claims (Zikmund et al., 2012).Usually, experiments are conducted by implementing some changes to the experiment or test group of sample. However, to analyze the results of the experiments, the results needed to be compared with a group of sample upon which the experiment has not been done. This group is known as control of the experiment. The purpose of the control group is to compare the changes in the test group after implementation of the experiment upon the test group. T he test groups should be compared with the control group for analyzing the changes happened to the test population as well as to analyze it whether the results are satisfactory to the expected results (Ramsey Schafer, 2012). Single comparison or control group is required for small population and when only single intervention is implemented on the test group; then only a single control group is required. In contrast, for large population, multiple control groups may be required for enhancing the accuracy of the experiments. Multiple control groups can arise for several reasons, sometimes, treatments were not implemented and in other cases, the treatment were provided but declined. For different group of samples, multiple control groups are required for comparing the test samples before and after implementation of interventions (Andersen et al., 2012). Confounds are the extraneous variables in the statistical model which correlates with dependent as well as independent variables. These are the variables which are uncontrollable by the scientists conducting the research. It is also known as the third variable which can affect the relation between dependent and independent variables adversely, thereby affecting the accuracy of the results. For example, a test was done with 200 people including 100 men and 100 women, the results found that lack of exercise led to the weight gain of participants (Pickard, 2012). However, there were other confounding variables which could not be controlled. Here, one confounding factor is age of the participants which can contribute in weight gain. Another confounding variable was participants diet, participants were not monitored for their common diet before subjecting in the experiment. The third confounding variable in this experiment was gender, sometimes, women are more likely to gain weight after certain period of life than men, it was also uncontrollable. These variables could affect the relationship within lack of exercise and participants weight gain. One way to reduce the effect of confounding variables is introducing control variables for confounding variables, such as; the inclusion criteria can include participants of only 30-35 years old which can control gender confounding. Another strategy is, keeping the participants in same diet for 1 month before conducting the experiment. It can control the effect of diet upon the dependent and independent variables. Another strategy for reducing the effect of confounding variables is counterbalancing while having paired condition. In this context, half of the participants would be measured under one condition and others would be measured under other condition. After certain period the conditions would be interchanged for two groups. It would help to analyze the effect of those conditions upon the groups through a comparison (Lichtman, 2012). Cause is somewhat which has a specific result in effect. Causation is an event which makes changes over the previous situation upon which the event was happened and it will certainly have an effect. However, it is somewhat different than the event of correlation in research variables. According to the principle of causality, it is a universal concept, in the world, every phenomenon having some specific consequences must have risen as an effect of some cause. It is an important concept in research because it always has an effect which is important in research (Neuman Robson, 2012). The researcher would attempt to conduct a research based on certain issues. These issues must be raised from some certain causes which have some specific effect. Thus, cause is an important concept in research. While conducting a research, wide range of confusion arises within causation and correlation. However, these two phenomenons are different. According to Goertz and Mahoney (2012),the correlation is the first step for establishing a cause. When two or more events are happening at the similar time which are associated with each other, but might not have a cause-effect relationship, this is known as correlation. On the other hand, causation must have a cause-effect relationship within two variables. In both correlation and causation, there are relationship establishment within two variables, but in correlation, there must not be a cause-effect relationship unlike causation. The research question is, does smiling cause mood to rise? In this condition, the between-participants design would include the division of participants in two groups. These two groups include one test group and one control group. For the test group, the smiling intervention would be applied; in contrast, the control group would not receive smiling intervention. After certain time, the results would be compared within two groups to understand the effect of intervention upon the participants. Advantage of this process is that two different groups are being compared with two different conditions, thus the event is compared twice, enhancing the accuracy of result. In contrast, fluctuation of conditions can give biased result (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe Jackson, 2012). The within-participants design would include only one group of participant. In this design, the participants would be subjected to two different conditions. In one condition, the participants would be subjected to smiling intervention and after a period of interval, they would be treated as control group, no intervention would be implemented, the results would be compared at the end of the study. There is no chance of condition fluctuation which is an advantage, but the comparison is done only once, thus there is a chance of experimental error (Allwood, 2012). The matched pair design is a randomized block design with two treatment condition. However, here is only one treatment condition for the current research question. Thus, this design would not be applicable here. Research List Allwood, C. M. (2012). The distinction between qualitative and quantitative research methods is problematic.Quality Quantity,46(5), 1417-1429. Andersen, P. K., Borgan, O., Gill, R. D., Keiding, N. (2012).Statistical models based on counting processes. Springer Science Business Media. Creswell, J. W. (2012).Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage. Easterby-Smith, M., Thorpe, R., Jackson, P. R. (2012).Management research. Sage. Goertz, G., Mahoney, J. (2012).A tale of two cultures: Qualitative and quantitative research in the social sciences. Princeton University Press. Jackson, S. (2015).Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach. Cengage Learning. Lichtman, M. (2012).Qualitative Research in Education: A User's Guide: A User's Guide. Sage. Neuman, W. L., Robson, K. (2012). Basics of social research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Pickard, A. (2012).Research methods in information. Facet publishing. Ramsey, F., Schafer, D. (2012).The statistical sleuth: a course in methods of data analysis. Cengage Learning. Trochim, W., Donnelly, J., Arora, K. (2015).Research methods: The essential knowledge base. Nelson Education. Zikmund, W., Babin, B., Carr, J., Griffin, M. (2012).Business research methods. Cengage Learning.

The Haber Process Essay Research Paper 1 free essay sample

The Haber Process Essay, Research Paper 1. The Haber Process During the first decennary of the 20th century the global demand for ammonium hydroxide for usage in fertilizers ( in the signifier of nitrates ) and in the production of explosives for usage in excavation and warfare could merely be satisfied on a big graduated table from sedimentations of guano in Chile ( 2 ) . Though this sedimentation was of immense size ( about five pess thick and 385 kilometers long ) it represented a quickly consuming resource when compared to global demand. As a consequence of this there was much research into how ammonium hydroxide could be produced from atmospheric N. The job was finally solved by Fritz Haber ( 1868 # 8211 ; 1934 ) in a procedure which came to be known as the # 8220 ; Haber Process # 8221 ; or the # 8220 ; Haber # 8211 ; Bosch Process # 8221 ; . Haber developed a method for synthesizing ammonium hydroxide using atmospheric N and had established the conditions for big scale synthesis of ammonium hydroxide by 1909 and the procedure was handed over to Carl Bosch for industrial development ( 1 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Haber Process Essay Research Paper 1 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page the reaction is a simple equilibrium reaction which occurs in gaseous province as follows ; N2 ( g ) + 3H2 ( g ) = 2NH3 ( g ) heat of enthalpy = -92.6 kJ/mol In foretelling how to obtain the highest output from this reaction we must mention to Le Chatlier # 8217 ; s Principle. This states that for an equilibrium reaction the equilibrium will work in the opposite way to the conditions forced upon it. The conditions most pertinent to the above reaction are temperature and force per unit area. The force per unit area exerted by any gas or mixture of gasses in an enclosed infinite is straight relative to the figure of atoms or molecules of gas regardless of their size or molecular mass. Mention to the above reaction shows that, as the reaction moves to the right the figure of molecules and hence the force per unit area decreases. Therefore the reaction traveling to the right ( i.e. towards the merchandise required ) is favoured by an addition in force per unit area. With respect to temperature, the reaction traveling to the right is exothermal i.e. it gives off energy ( in the signifier of heat ) . Therefore mention to Le Chatlier # 8217 ; s Principle shows that the reaction to the right is favoured by low temperatures. However, when Haber placed the reactants together under these conditions it was shown that the rate of reaction was so slow as to render the procedure impracticable as an industrial procedure. This is because of an remarkably high activation energy. The activation energy of a reaction is the energy required by the reactants to accomplish an intermediate province required before they form the merchandises. In the instance of the above reaction the intermediate province requires the dissociation of diatomic gaseous N. The ternary bond found between two N atoms when they form diatomic N is amongst the strongest chemical bonds known. this leads to an highly high activation energy. At highly high temperature the N molecule will disassociate and so, as the temperature approaches this point the rate at which the reaction to the right occurs and hence the velocity with which equilibrium is reached additions quickly. Unfortunately experimentation showed that, as temperature approached the point at which the velocity of the reaction was sufficient to bring forth a feasible reaction the sum of ammonium hydroxide produced was so low that the reaction was still impracticable on as an industrial procedure. Faced with this failure to happen conditions suited for an industrial procedure Haber began to experiment to happen a accelerator that would ease the reaction. A accelerator is a substance that reduces the activation energy of a reaction, therefore increasing the velocity at which the reaction occurs, or in the instance of equilibrium reactions the velocity at which equilibrium is reached. After 100s of experiments Haber discovere vitamin D that a fast adequate reaction with a high adequate output of ammonium hydroxide would happen with a force per unit area between 200 and 400 ambiances and at a temperature between 670K and 920K in the presence of a accelerator of Fe ( in the signifier of Fe filings to increase its active surface country ) plus a few per centum of oxides of K and aluminum. This procedure was foremost demonstrated in 1909 and patented as the Haber Process in 1910 ( 3 ) . Experiments aimed at happening the most efficient conditions for the reaction have since resulted in the procedure described by the flow diagram in Appendix 1. The Haber procedure has been used since its find to bring forth ammonium hydroxide which has been used predominately to bring forth fertilizers which have helped to feed a quickly turning universe population and has been one of the chief props used to avoid global dearth. The addition in the usage of N based fertilizers is demonstrated in Appendix 2. Unfortunately there are effects to such a high degree of usage of this industrial procedure. The Future of the Haber Process. In 1998 the Haber Process accounted for 29 % of the atmospheric N fixed in the signifier of nitrates used by flora world-wide ( 4 ) . If this trust on unreal fertilizer is continued and the universe population additions as expected ( with the attendant addition in the figure of harvests being grown ) so by the twelvemonth 2050 160,000,000 dozenss of N will necessitate to be manufactured per annum necessitating the combustion of 270,000,000 dozenss of coal or its tantamount to feed this energy # 8211 ; hungry procedure with all of the attendant environmental jobs ( 5 ) . Further to this the usage of chemical fertilizers besides affects the planetary N rhythm, pollutes groundwater and increases the degree of atmospheric N dioxide # 8211 ; a potent # 8220 ; nursery # 8221 ; gas. As a consequence of this work is now afoot to both seek to work out the job of the high energy ingestion of the Haber Process and to cut down our trust on chemical fertilizers. The Unit of Nitrogen Fixation at Sussex University has now identified the reaction with the metal Mo within the enzyme nitrogenase which allows bacteriums to repair atmospheric N at dirt temperatures. This has enabled research to get down on low energy methods of bring forthing ammonium hydroxide. With respect to cut downing our trust on chemical fertilizers, support is now being allocated to experiments into ways in which the sum of biological N arrested development happening can be encouraged the growing of N repairing bugs in the dirt ( 7 ) . The current method of production of nitrates via the production of ammonium hydroxide in the Haber Process has been identified as being destructive to the environment despite its good effects in assisting to feed the universe population. As a consequence support is now being allocated to happening options to this procedure. Though both of the above undertakings are far from complete they do show a committedness to doing the Haber Process redundant and it is reasonably certain that even if these avenues of research prove to be unsuccessful others will be explored until an option is found. it hence seems that the yearss of one of the most widespread industrial procedures in the universe are now numbered. Mentions 1. Encyclopaedia Britannica # 8211 ; 3 June 2000 2. University of Wisconsin Web site # 8211 ; # 8220 ; Science is Fun # 8221 ; # 8211 ; 3 June 2000 3. Raffles Institute Media Networking Club # 8211 ; Web page # 8211 ; 4 June 2000 4. Micro-organism # 8217 ; s in Action. J M Lynch A ; J E Hobbie. Blackwell Publication 1998 5. Biological Nitrogen Fixation # 8211 ; National Research Council. National Academic Press 1994 6. Article # 8211 ; New Scientist # 8211 ; 10 May 1986 7. The Microbial World. J Deacon. The University of Edinburgh 2000

Free Essays on Write A Critical Appriciation Of The Sun Rising By John Donne

Write a critical appreciation of ‘The Sun Rising’ ‘The Sun Rising’ is a love poem about a frustrated lover, woken by the sun. It opens with a mocking tone towards the Sun. The tone throughout is one of aggravation and, I think a touch of egotism is evident. Donne seems to ignore love poetry’s conventional method of rhyming beautifully and gracefully and instead shocks the reader with unexpected turns of phrase and conceit such as ‘Saucy, pedantic wretch, go chide’ and ‘Thou sun art half as happy as we’. Donne’s language is direct and conversational which is emphasized by his use of colloquialisms and conflict. There is great debate over weather Donne’s poems include to many ‘ideas’ and not enough ‘emotion’, and if this is an appropriate commendable way of writing love poetry. ‘The Sun Rising’ is a good example over these two qualities to a poem. Stanza 1 opens with a mocking tone which is both rude and arrogant. The lover talks to the sun in a conversational manner, which personifies the sun so the reader can imagine this conversation going on. Donne puts the sun in its place and notes how its job is with the ordinary boring people. He seeks to remind the ambitious that it is time to go off to the royal court to seek their fortunes, and not with the lovers, whom he makes out are exceptionally more important then the sun itself. As we can see from the text: ‘Call country ants to harvest offices; Love, all alike, no season knows, nor clime’ Donne places lovers on a celestial plane, more important than everyday people who are locked within their boring jobs. However, with the last two lines of this stanza, the poets voice changes as it turns to the more important aspects of lovers. After stating that love is beyond seasons, the pace slows down and the tone changes to one of greater importance than the mocking of the Sun at the beginning. In stanza 2, the tone gets more aggressive and di... Free Essays on Write A Critical Appriciation Of The Sun Rising By John Donne Free Essays on Write A Critical Appriciation Of The Sun Rising By John Donne Write a critical appreciation of ‘The Sun Rising’ ‘The Sun Rising’ is a love poem about a frustrated lover, woken by the sun. It opens with a mocking tone towards the Sun. The tone throughout is one of aggravation and, I think a touch of egotism is evident. Donne seems to ignore love poetry’s conventional method of rhyming beautifully and gracefully and instead shocks the reader with unexpected turns of phrase and conceit such as ‘Saucy, pedantic wretch, go chide’ and ‘Thou sun art half as happy as we’. Donne’s language is direct and conversational which is emphasized by his use of colloquialisms and conflict. There is great debate over weather Donne’s poems include to many ‘ideas’ and not enough ‘emotion’, and if this is an appropriate commendable way of writing love poetry. ‘The Sun Rising’ is a good example over these two qualities to a poem. Stanza 1 opens with a mocking tone which is both rude and arrogant. The lover talks to the sun in a conversational manner, which personifies the sun so the reader can imagine this conversation going on. Donne puts the sun in its place and notes how its job is with the ordinary boring people. He seeks to remind the ambitious that it is time to go off to the royal court to seek their fortunes, and not with the lovers, whom he makes out are exceptionally more important then the sun itself. As we can see from the text: ‘Call country ants to harvest offices; Love, all alike, no season knows, nor clime’ Donne places lovers on a celestial plane, more important than everyday people who are locked within their boring jobs. However, with the last two lines of this stanza, the poets voice changes as it turns to the more important aspects of lovers. After stating that love is beyond seasons, the pace slows down and the tone changes to one of greater importance than the mocking of the Sun at the beginning. In stanza 2, the tone gets more aggressive and di...

Airframe Structure Failure and Survivability

There are many different variables that come into play during an aircraft accident. It is an investigators job to find out what caused the failure. Failure of an aircraft primary structure is ranked high on the list of risks aircrews would rather not face. Mechanical component failure which can lead to loss of control of the aircraft is not far behind. Another issue which must be addressed in any aircraft accident is the question and of crash survivability. Even if no one was injured the investigator must find out what worked and what didnt. If there were injuries, several questions should be asked. The chapters I will be covering will give the investigator a look into what causes structural failure, and how to determine crash survivability. An aircraft accident investigators job is to determine what caused the crash. Structural failure is a vital part of the investigation. The term structure failure means where the material fails to carry below it was intended to carry. A structure can fail in one of two general ways. One way is it can be fractured, which means broken into two or more pieces. Another way is when the structure shape is changed so that it can no longer carry its load. With this kind of failure, the structure is still in one piece. It could be bent, stretched, corroded, or so worn that it can no longer do its intended job. Over the next few pages, I will be going into detail about the different ways structures can fail. There are many reasons why an airplane structure can fail. As I have just gone over a few in the last paragraph, there are many different ways this can happen. In chapter 35, the book talks about overload. This is, when an in-flight load exceeds the weight the part was designed for. All structures to include bridges, buildings or airplanes are created to withstand only specific loads. It is unrealistic to assume that airplanes can be designed and built to withstand any conceivable load it can experience. If a structure is exposed to a load greater than which it was designed for, it will structurally fail. Be it deforming, or fracturing into two or more pieces. These are two general reasons why aircraft structures fail. Aircraft structures are designed to withstand loads generated by air at some maximum airspeed and the loads generated while maneuvering at some G load. Most aircraft can be flown at speeds and G loads which can place excessive loads on the aircraft structure. Aircraft that is directly exposed to onrushing air could be damaged as the dynamic pressure of the air stream is converted to static pressure pressing inward on the structure. Excessive speed can reduce the airplanes stability. The bottom line is that a lot of bad things can happen when an aircraft exceeds it’s redline airspeed. One of the clearest reasons for failure of a structural component is that the component lacked the proper strength to withstand the loads created while the aircraft is flown at its normal operating limits. There are numerous reasons why a structural component could be understrength. It is possible that the engineering of the structure was inadequate. The designer could have possibly made an error which was not caught during the testing phase. Another reason could be that wear and tear caused a weakening to the structure. Service life issues are normally divided into four sub areas; fatigue cracking, corrosion, wear and creep. The four of these progressive failures which cannot be undone as the aircraft accumulates flight hours ground-air-ground cycles. An aircraft structure can be weakened in a somewhat short period of time. Exposure to heat can greatly reduce a metals strength. For example, some aluminum alloys that are exposed to temperatures of 400Â ° for 5 minutes can reduce the alloys strength by 80%. Jet engine hot sections and compressor bleed airlines are made of materials such as stainless steel or titanium alloys which maintain most of their strength in relatively high temperatures. This problem happens when structure which is not been designed for high temperature is exposed to high temperatures. Some aircraft which can reach high supersonic speeds require the leading edge structures to be able to withstand the extremely high temperatures generated at these speeds. There are two general areas when it comes to aircraft structures. You have a primary structure, and a secondary structure. The primary structure is parts of the aircraft that are necessary to safely fly its mission. The following components are normally considered to be part of the primary structure: wing structure, fuselage structure carrying flight, ground and cabin pressurization loads, empennage, landing gear structure, engine mounts and supporting structure. The primary structures can be further sub categorized as either critical structure or principal structure elements. Critical elements are those whose failure would result in catastrophic failure of the aircraft. Principal elements are those that contribute significantly to carrying flight, ground and pressurization loads whose failure could or could not result in catastrophic failure. The following components are considered to be the secondary structure: aerodynamic fairings, tail cones, and landing gear doors. There are other mechanical components which carry flight critical loads. Even though these components have failure modes that are closely related to those exhibited by the primary and secondary structures, they do not fall into either of those categories. Components like hydraulic pressure lines, drive shafts, electric alternators, and gear teeth in transmissions all have modes of failure which can give clues concerning the nature of the loads which caused them to fail. In aircraft accident investigator will have a firm understanding of the loads that airplane structured caries and the physical evidence that these loads leaves behind when they fail. The many types of loads are vectors and have both magnitude and direction. You can change the load by either changing its magnitude, for example increasing or decreasing the pounds of force being applied, or by changing its direction by applying force upward instead of down. Loads can take a finite length of time to be imposed. Even though loads can be applied in a very short period of time they can be applied or changed instantaneously. The fact that loads take time to apply and or change is important for the accident investigator understand. The book separates loads into three general areas; static loads, dynamic loads, and repeated loads. Knowing the difference between the three types is important because the nature of the load has a lot to do with the failure of the structure and the evidence left behind. If a load were applied so slowly that the structure to which the load was being applied to stayed equal at all times the load would be considered a static load. A static load can be either for short or long period of time. A dynamic load happens when the loads are applied fast enough to prevent the structure from carrying the load while remaining in equilibrium as the load is being applied. Dynamic loads can be divided into two subcategories, sudden, and impact. A sudden load will impose stronger internal stresses in the structure. Components such as landing gear are tested with dynamic loads. Impact loads are applied at faster rates than sudden, causing the structure to fracture almost every time. Impact loads are usually limited to high-speed bird impacts and crash tests. Repeated loads are just like they sound, loads that are repeated over and over again. Due to the behavior of dynamic impacts and longtime static loads, it makes them unlikely candidates for repeated loads. Short time static and sudden dynamic loads can be repeated over and over again. If a component goes through lots of repeated load cycles before it fails due to fatigue cracking it is said to have experienced high cycle fatigue. By lots of cycles the book means hundreds of thousands or millions or tens of millions of cycles. One of the ways investigators look at structure failure is to consider the time it took for the failure to occur. If the failure happened at the instance of a single load, it is called an instantaneous failure. If the failure took a period of time to occur, that is called a progressive failure. If a structural component contained a load that caused significant distortion, but did not exceed the materials yield stress, and the structure springs back to its original shape after the load is removed is called an elastic deformation/distortion failure. Now if the same events occur and the structure does not spring back to its original shape after the load is removed, that is called plastic deformation/distortion. This is a permanent shape change, unlike the elastic which is a temporary shape change. Now if the load reaches the point where internal stresses not only cause significant plastic deformation, they exceed the materials ultimate stress, the structure will then fracture and separate into two or more pieces. This is called a fracture failure. An experienced investigator can tell the difference between the five different types of structural failure. Another form that causes structural failures is corrosion. Corrosion is the natural disintegration of material as it is attacked by one or more substances in its environment. During the refining process, energy is added to metal ores and other raw materials in order to produce the mechanical properties necessary in structural components. Mother Nature the great equalizer, doesnt like variances in energy levels and sets to work trying to bring the material back to the low energy levels existing in the products of corrosion. When it comes to aircraft structural components, mother natures attack will reduce the strength and ductility of components turning strong metals into meek metallic oxides, hydroxides or sulfates. If these compounds are not removed from the structure they can worsen the problem by providing an environment which is ever more favorable to continued corrosion. There are many different forms of corrosion. Some can be the result of a direct chemical attack by reactive substances in the environment. Pitting is a common form of corrosion. Small holes that are randomly located across the metal surface are called pits and sometimes may be accompanied with a powdery residue. Even though pits may appear to have damaged only a small percentage of the surface, they penetrate deeply in a branching matter causing loss of strength and ductility which is way out of proportion to metals surface appearance. Chemical corrosion involves the reaction between a metal structure and some chemical agent. If you introduce corrosive acid on a metal wing, the acid and the metal will react to form new and undesirable compounds. A selective attack is when corrosive actions seem to favor one part of the components or assembly above another. The primary type of selective attack is intergranular corrosion. This type of attack centers on the grain boundaries with in a metal component before consuming the grains themselves. Similar to pitting the damage from this kind of attack causes a loss of strength and ductility which is out of portion the amount of metal that is corroded. Another form intergranular corrosion is exfoliation, whose progress and go undetected until all structural integrity is lost. Grain boundaries attacked by this type of corrosion are normally flattened and or elongated grains of extruded or rolled metals. This type of corrosion can move undetected along the grain boundaries. Slow removal of material from the surface of the component by a mechanical action is referred to as wear. In most cases wear is undesirable, wear during break in on new or overhauled equipment is often a necessary ingredient in establishing proper operation and long service life. The type of wear the book talks about is the kind that leads to premature failure and breakdown. Abrasive wear happens when small abrasive particles cut into and remove material from surfaces of two components which are held together while moving. When this type of wear happens one question an investigator must ask is, where did the particles come from? Adhesive wear occurs when microscopic projections of the surfaces of the two components which are sliding across each other may contact, weld together and break off. A question that an investigator can ask is was the surface lubricated? Erosive wear is similar to abrasive wear in that foreign particles are cutting tiny chunks out of the surface. Its a little different from abrasive wear in that the abrasive particles gain their penetrating energy by a fluid that is carrying them along. How did the particles enter into the fluids is a question an investigator could pose. To prevent structure failure, the components go through an inspection called non-destructive inspection (NDI). NDI are inspection techniques which will not do significant harm to the object being inspected. Other names for this type of inspection is called non-destructive evaluation (NDE) or non-destructive testing (NDT). There are six specific techniques for these inspections. First, visual inspection is the simplest form and most common of the NDI process and uses your God-given gift of sight. To assist this type of inspection, illumination, magnification, and remote viewing are used to help. Another type is dye penetrant. This inspection is used to detect small surface cracks and discontinuities which may not be visible during strictly visual inspections. This technique is simple, but time-consuming. The component being inspected is covered with a colored liquid which is absorbed into surface cracks. The liquid includes a phosphorescent material which when exposed to ultraviolet light glows in the dark so small surface cracks are visible to the naked eye. Magnetic particle inspection provides another way to assist the eye by increasing the conspicuity of a surface crack. This process requires more specialized equipment then the dye penetrant process, it makes the crack even more obvious if properly used. This inspection makes use of the fact that when a magnetic field is induced in a component made of Ferro-magnetic material, surface cracks will alter the components magnetic field. When magnetic particles are placed on a magnetized surface it will align themselves along the magnetic field showing any variations caused by the cracks. If the magnetic particles are phosphorescent and viewed in a dark room under an ultraviolet light pattern around the cracks will be more visible. Eddy current is the first technique that is discussed that does not require direct viewing of the crack. This process involves the use of a probe to generate both an electromagnetic field and sense and evaluate the Eddy current generated in the material being inspected. When either or surface or near surface cracks are in the material it will alter the shape of the Eddy current and magnetic field it generates. This can be as simple as a twitch on a meters needle. The equipment needed for this type of inspection must be calibrated for the specific design being inspected and the size of the crack being search. Ultrasonic inspections make use of high-frequency sound to find surface and subsurface defects. The high-frequency sound waves are generated by a transducer and then beamed through the part being inspected. The reflective waves or the remnants of waves which penetrate the part are being measured with a receiver and electronically evaluated. There are two different ways the sound waves can be applied to and retrieved from the part being inspected; immersion of the part into a fluid which carries the sound waves to and from the part and direct contact inspection where the transducer and receiver are in direct contact with the part. The direct contact technique is much more mobile allowing use in the field of the aircraft or major fabrications. Radiographic inspection in its simplest form is not much different than that of an x-ray. Very short wave electromagnetic radiation are generated and directed through the part being inspected and towards unexposed radiographic film. Rays passing through cracks, flaws, voids and corroded areas will not be attenuated as much as raise passing through sound material. To the untrained eye, cracks, flaws, voids and corrosion may appear to be just another shadow on the film. Orientation of the x-rays so as to illuminate the discontinuities and proper interpretation of the film are therefore important aspects in ensuring the thoroughness of the inspection. One of the issues which must be addressed in any aircraft accident is a question of crash survivability. Even if no one was injured, the question of what worked and what didnt work should always be asked. Did the restraint systems operate as designed? Whether or not escape hatches were needed, could they have been opened if needed? Did the emergency lighting system work? How crash survival equipment is designed is based on experience, history, and sound engineering judgment. To know if these components work correctly design requires an accident for verification. The accident is a chance to validate our judgment and we cannot afford to pass it up. To make investigation of aircraft crashes a little easier requires a systematic approach by breaking down a complicated series of events into smaller, more digestible bites. The approach chapter 36 goes over is the CREEP method. CREEP stands for: Container, Restraint, Energy absorption, Environment, and Post-crash factors. The first four of the five CREEP elements relate to the dynamic portion of the crash itself. These four factors are concerned with the initial and any subsequent impacts with the terrain, the associated deceleration forces acting on the aircraft and its current occupants, and the deformation and dislocation of aircraft structure and its contents. The fifth factor relates to the occupants attempts to egress the aircraft before suffering additional injuries not directly resulting from the dynamic portion of the crash. In order to survive a crash it is first necessary to provide a living space for the occupants during the dynamic portion of the crash. If the space is crushed or punctured, the chances of survival fall drastically. This factor is container. Now if the occupants have been provided with adequate living space, the next series of questions should deal with the restraint of the crew and its passengers and equipment and components around them. Occupants of any moving vehicle must be protected from injuring collisions with in the vehicle, for example being thrown against the sides of the living space or having objects such as cargo or equipment thrown at them. The strength of all restraints should be sufficient to prevent injury at the force levels which can be expected during the most severe but survivable crash. The investigator should examine all restraints system failures to determine if there failure contributed to injuries experienced by the crew or passengers. The deceleration forces created during a crash may be high enough to cause fatal or serious injuries, even if a safe living space, adequate crew and passenger restraints, and a delethalized flailing envelope are provided. Since crew and passenger bodies are not strongly attached to the airframe, the design of the aircraft structure and seeds may cause the acceleration forces experienced by the crew and passengers to be either amplified or attenuated. A soft deep seat cushion can greatly amplified the vertical Gs experienced by someone sitting in the seat. The deep seat cushion deforms at high loads absorbing energy as it gives can greatly reduce the vertical crash loads to which a seat occupant is subjected. Hopefully, the designers will build a secure box around the crew and passengers and secure them to it. Although we may be able to restrain the torso, it is normally impractical to secure the head and limbs of the crew and passengers. The volume through which the unrestrained extremities can be expected to move shouldve been the legalized to the maximum degree possible. Obstructions which could cause injury should either remove from within the flailing envelope or padded to reduce the severity or probability of injury. This is the environment that the creep method covers. All too commonly, crew or passengers survived the dynamic portion of the crash, only to suffer additional injuries or death when they are unable to safely exit the aircraft in a timely manner. The two primary factors in the causation of fatalities during otherwise survivable crashes is, post-crash fire and inability to quickly exit the damaged aircraft. Fire is the most significant post-crash hazard by a long shot. Not only can the fire kill and injure directly through heat, the toxic fumes and smoke produced when material and the aircraft interior burn are more often the direct cause of death. This post-crash condition is a top priority in controlling to prevent death. Design of airplane exits is predicated on the normal parked attitude and configuration. Obviously, this is not always the case. Sometimes occupants will have to exit from an airplane that is an abnormal attitude and perhaps in a very unusual configuration. Part 125 airplanes have specific emergency exit acquirements levied on them, many general aviation airplanes have only one exit which can be easily jammed in the airplane ends up inverted. In conclusion, nobody is expert on all types of structural failures. With so many different variables, it takes a highly detailed investigator to pinpoint what kind of failure causes a crash. And without a systematic approach of investigation of a crash, the investigators are left with an accident that is difficult to determine whether or not the occupants should have survived the impact.

Microcosmos Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Microcosmos - Essay Example The orders which are presented in the Microcosm film encompasses dragonfly, grasshoppers, rhinoceros beetle, praying mantis, moth, cutworm, ant, dung beetles, wasps, sacred beetle, bee, climbing caterpillar, wriggler, swallow-tail butterfly, 3rd instar larvae hatching into butterfly, black ants, spiders in their spider web, cricket, pavement ant, ladybird with seven spots, great peacock moth and a mosquito. In addition, cabbage looper caterpillar is also depicted.The behaviors exhibited include geotropism which is seen in the growing plant tendrils. In addition, insect pollination is also exhibited. Also, a bee is portrayed sucking nectar from a full blown flower. In addition, black ants are seen feeding on excretion materials from the thrips. Also, lady birds are seen mating. Caterpillars are also seen depicting mimicry and camouflage to evade predators. In addition, the slug is seen gliding in a moist environment covered with green grass. Slugs are also seen mating. One of the most surprising bit about the film is the bit a caterpillar is seen breaking out of a cocoon and then feeding on it afterwards. Furthermore, the film shows a spider which abruptly pounces on a grasshopper and stops it from escaping by deploying its spider web to tie them up. It’s fascinating to observe how insects are trapped in a spider web and later fed on by the king spider. An additional intriguing observation is made on how preys are trapped then wrapped by a spider web to paralyse them to enhance the liberty of the king spider to feed on them.

Lenin and the Bolsheviks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lenin and the Bolsheviks - Assignment Example After his arrival, Lenin advocated for the government overthrow through his speeches. The Bolshevik newspaper referred to Lenin’s speeches as the April theses. After his return, he yearned to replace the Bolshevik rule in Russia. Other socialists in the city were after his immediacy in controlling the Bolshevik rule. Lenin was termed a quack that could not make his radical move. He later pulled his supporters to furnish his plans within the shortest time possible. His movement was regarded as ‘all power to the soviet’ and he hoped to agitate the masses to avoid the provisional government (William 19). His strategy focused on the coming up with a new revolution in Russia. Lenin decided to manipulate the Meshevic who were a group of the soviet. He had the plan to manipulate them to satisfy his own wish (William 38). Lenin tried all means to pull the Bolshevik out of power after his return to Russia. On 1 April, he took his first attempt after there was disagreement between the Petrograd and the provisional government. The two groups disagreed due to unstated means of pulling Russia out of the First World War. The attempted coup was in vain after the Bolshevik who was determined to throw the government failed in their mission. There were demonstrations in the streets and this caused a lot of chaos. The Bolshevik tried other attacks and to incite the masses and this was a strong hold to Lenin as he learned from the failures of the Bolshevik. Lenin learned that the slow nature by which the provisional government was acting on Russia’s withdrawal from the war was a major weakness. Lenin knew that the four years that the government had received the treat from the Bolshevik was a thorough way for his army to revolt and come back home. Lenin maintained that Russia vacates the war very fast and this was not on condition whether Russia could lose its boundary or not. Thereby, Lenin received a lot of support from the armed forces. This to Lenin w as a turning point towards seizing the federal government’s power. He therefore launched a campaign that was full of propaganda to the Russian troops who held high posts in the army. The Russian government had hoped that the return of Lenin could unite them than divide them. He thus came in at a point of confusion in Russia. Lenin was more concerned with defaming the provisional government and taking over power. This was his trick throughout his struggle for power (William 54-56). Good planning and the preparation by the Bolsheviks was a key factor for their success. The Bolshevik had a strong military foundation in the lower level. The troop was also promised peace from the German government. In addition, the group had a huge sum of money, which came from abroad, and partly from robbing of the local banks. The group referred to the mass as propaganda as the group’s name meant that it had the majority. This helped most of them to gather a lot of votes and fame from the locals who supported their mission to oust the government. This tainted the minds of the public as being the most popular group. Lenin and Trotsky, who were the troop leaders, were smarter than their competitors were. The Kerensky government received pressure from outer sources to leave power (William 88). The government had also lacked trust from many

Managing Time as an Adult Learner Essay Example for Free

Managing Time as an Adult Learner Essay Proper management of our time can be described as using skills and techniques to manage time in order to complete a designated task or goal. Time is a valuable thing, it should not be wasted. One needs to be very careful how they use their time. Adult learners have unique difficulties with time management due to other important aspects of their lives, which require much time and attention; some of these aspects may include family, a home, and full time employment. However, with a little organization and better time management skills, the adult learner can find more free time for family and reduce the stress in their personal lives. One important aspect of adult learning is study goals in order to help focus ones time and energy. Use a calendar to keep track of all class work and personal obligations. Often a personal organizer is best, something like a palm or blackberry. Do not forget to schedule in some break time and be sure to take them. Study goals should begin with large, long term goals. Start with a year plan and work down from there. Continue to break down the year into semesters, then months, weeks, down to the days. (Karr, M. Siebert, A. 008) Create a daily to do list to be sure one completes everything. Always study in a specific place that works well for the individual learner where one is comfortable and be sure there is good lighting. Remember distant learning can be more difficult, so do not fall behind. Work hard to reduce noise distractions while studying. Some examples may be television, children, and anything else that may cause one’s mind to drift. Often, a studying student will benefit from a low white noise in the back ground to help drowned out other noises. It is recommended for students that are working full time to take no more than two classes at a time. For every hour in class, the student will need two to three hours for homework. (Karr, M. Siebert, A. 2008) One aspect that is very important when working a job and taking classes is being able to adjust your school work load during busy work times. For example, if a student works in a retail job setting, one should lighten their school load during the Christmas holiday season. A student should be aware of their learning style before beginning college courses (Steinbach, R. 000). For example, if a student is a visual learner they need to see information in order to learn it. They learn through seeing. This type of student enjoys maps, charts, graphs and diagrams. They take detailed notes and benefit from power point presentations and videos. On the other hand, if a student is an auditory learner they will benefit more from lectures, lessons, and discussions. This type of learner rarely takes notes and often reads aloud in order to comprehend the information (Siebert, A. Karr, M. 2008). Keeping the stress out of one’s life is another important aspect of being an adult learner. It is important that the student understands how to separate regular life events and activities and school work. This can be a very hard balance to find, but if done correctly it can reduce the stress of going back to school tremendously. Remember to keep on track with your schedule and do not procrastinate by putting things off until the last minute. Doing this can cause unwanted stress and may possibly effect your grade. Something else the student can do to keep stress under control is to set aside some time to do the things most enjoyable to them. Include ones family and friends, and this can double as family time. Social life and family time are another area that needs to be kept under control while attending school as an adult. The student needs to be open and honest with the family regarding the time commitment and the help that will be needed as one travels down this road. It may take six months to a year before ones family has truly adjusted to the student and the schedule (Smelser, L. Ph. D 2009). The student must be very specific in asking for help and support and do not forget to say thank you to those that do help. If the student has children, consider including them in a study session and always reserve special time for them each week, remember quality is better than quantity. As an adult student it is easy to get caught up in the activities of the day and overwhelmed with the responsibilities of a job, children, spouse, and a home. Remember, one needs to take care of their bodies and minds in order to be a successful student. One important aspect is to continue to eat right. Do not skip meals or rely on sugar and caffeine to get you through your day. Healthy, small meals throughout the day will keep your energy level up and your brain active. Also, do not underestimate the need for sleep, the temptation will be there, but ultimately this is one of the worst things a person can do. Exercise is another activity that is important but often over looked. Exercise can reduce stress and strengthen muscles. â€Å"The more sensory systems and muscles involved in learning, the faster you learn and more you retain. † (Siebert, A. Karr, M. 2008). There are some study tips that a student should take into consideration when taking college courses as an adult. It is important that the student learns how to increase studying efficiency, comprehension, and one’s ability to remember. For example, this can be done with a chapter review. The first step would be to skim through the chapter objectives or questions, then continue to look for the chapter summary. Second, read through the chapter and turn titles, subtitles, and highlighted terms into a question form. Now is the time to read the chapter, but read it fast. Next, right a summary in your own words and finally, recite what you remember out loud. In conclusion, a student needs to keep their stress to a minimum, maintain a healthy lifestyle, and learn to delegate other responsibilities out to family and friends when the need arises. The busy student should allow some personal time doing things enjoyed most. Always maintain a support system of friends, family and classmates, one never can tell when a favor will be needed. Of course, keep an open line of communication with the instructors for the college as well.

3COM FAST ETHERNET VS. GIGABIT ETHERNET COMPARISON :: essays research papers

ABSTRACT   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this paper, we will conduct a comparison on Fast Ethernet Network Switches and Gigabit Ethernet Network Switches offered by 3COM. We will review a few specific components, as well as compare features, pricing and preferred usage. DEFINITION In order to have a greater understanding of the terminology and descriptions offered in this paper, we must first understand what a network switch is. A brief definition of a network switch is a computer networking device that connects network segments. It uses the logic of a Network bridge, but allows a physical and logical star topology. It is often used to replace network hubs. A switch is also often referred to as an intelligent hub. A switch can be used to make various connections. Ethernet, Token Ring, and various other types of packet switched network segments together to form a heterogeneous network operating at OSI Layer 2. Traditional Ethernets, in which all hosts compete for the same bandwidth, are called shared Ethernets. Switched Ethernets are becoming very popular because they are an effective and convenient way to extend the bandwidth of existing Ethernets. PRODUCTS   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3COM offers a wide variety of networking solutions. From Switches to Hubs to Gateways, 3COM is one of the frontrunners in the networking industry. In this comparison of Fast Ethernet Networks and Gigabit Ethernet Networks, before discussing the similarities with the various components and their respective operations, we must discuss the differences between the two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fast Ethernet Network was developed as an upgrade to traditional Ethernet Networking. Fast Ethernet improved traditional Ethernet by increasing transfer rates 10 times, from 10 Megabit to 100 Megabit speed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gigabit Ethernet Network is an upgrade on Fast Ethernet Network equivalent to Fast Ethernet Networks improvement over Fast Ethernet Network, offering speeds of 1000 Megabits (1 Gigabit). Gigabit Ethernet was first made to travel over optical and copper cabling, but the 1000Base-T standard successfully supports it as well. 1000Base-T uses Category 5 cabling similar to 100 Mbps Ethernet, although achieving gigabit speed requires the use of additional wire pairs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also, Gigabit Ethernet Networks can process Traditional, Fast, and Gigabit Ethernet transfer rates, as opposed to Traditional – Traditional and Fast – Traditional/Fast. The products will be reviewed by cost as well as functionality, comparing components most closely related to one another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  COMPONENTS 3COM OfficeConnect Dual Speed 5 Port Switch This switch is a member of 3COM’s OfficeConnect family of products. It is used primarily for small business and small offices.

B.I.C. Ca 100 – Research Project – Charlie Trotter

100 Jonathon Roehl September 30, 2010 Charlie Trotter Charlie Trotter specializes in Degustation, which is a careful, appreciative tasting of various foods and focusing on the senses. His inspiration came while he was in college and his roommate, Joel Fish, prepared various courses for his friends to taste. Trotter became interested in what Joel was doing, and soon found himself immersed in the world of cookbooks and preparing meals as a way of entertainment for his friends and roommate.Mid way through his college tenure at The University of Wisconsin in Madison, WI, he decided to take a year off and read every book he could, this included cookbooks. As a way to make a living while on this break from school, he took a job as a waiter. Not long after he returned to college, he earned his Bachelor's of Science degree in Political Science, then began once again cooking and actually doing small catering parties. Upon graduating from college, Charlie traveled around the U. S. and Europe t o dine at only the finest restaurants.He wanted to learn how the â€Å"best† gained that title, and see what the future could possibly hold for him. Charlie actually never went to culinary school, he completely taught himself. Soon he returned to the States and began doing catering parties for his friends and families. His first cooking job was at a restaurant in the North Shore area of Chicago called Sinclair's where he was a cook there and worked under many now well-known chefs including Norman Van Aken. After doing this for just over a year, he decided to open Charlie Trotter's with his now deceased father, Robert Trotter, as his partner.Charlie’s cuisine now comes from the finest foodstuffs available. Networks provide the fresh, healthful ingredients which inspire him to create his masterpieces. From the naturally raised meat and line caught seafood to the organic produce, every component of each dish is the most pure available. Bobwhite quail from Indiana, petite greens from Farmer Jones, heirloom tomatoes from Illinois, buffalo from North Dakota and gindai from Hawaii are just a few of the products that arrive each day for him to crafts his menus. Trotter rather ave sauce with vegetable juice-based vinaigrettes, light emulsified stocks, and purees as well as delicate broths, and herb-infused meat and fish essences then sauces that have a lot of butter or cream. According to the Mobil Travel Guide, Charlie’s restaurant was giving 5 stars back in 1996 and remains that way even now. For his wine Charlie was awarded The Best Restaurant in the World for Wine and Food in 1998, The Best Restaurant in the United States back in 2000, America’s Best Wine-Driven Restaurant in 2006 as well as The Grand Award in 1993, which he still holds.From the International food Manufacturers Association he was earned both the Silver and Gold Plate award in 2008. Trotter has been awarded many more other then these. I feel that Trotter is an excellent e xample of chefs with imagination and how you really do need to use your head and alter and expand anything from simple recipes to your whole cuisine choice considering this man NEVER went to a culinary arts school.

Education authority staff Essay

By you consistently adhering to the writing guidelines By meeting agreed timescales and deadlines Through regular monitoring of output by your team leader. Through joint meetings with other writers to set and maintain the standard Through feedback from the engagement process Finally, sign off for outputs will be agreed by the Program Director following advice from a final validation panel comprising members of all four partner organisations. A checklist for writing outcomes Does the outcome conform to the following criteria? 1. Is it written in clear English, appropriate as far as possible to the level? 2. Does the outcome: Specify what may be: i. learned – knowledge, understanding or skill? ii. Experienced? iii. Indicate or direct the selection of learning activities? iv. Allow evaluation of the outcome: v. By the young person? vi. By the teacher? vii. Does the outcome include an appropriate ‘action verb’? viii. Does the outcome demand more of the young person than consider features of outcomes at the earlier level? Technology in K-12 education [8] Generation Y is an innovative curriculum and resource solution for grades 3-12 that promotes school wide technology infusion. It is a technology program with a twist. Gen Y students develop technological fluency while learning how to share their knowledge with others. Each student is paired with a classroom teacher who needs help integrating technology into their practice. Each student/teacher team decides on a curriculum component or lesson to enhance with technology. Students learn about pedagogy and lesson plan design while developing their communication, planning and project management skills. The partner teacher receives support for their technology projects when and where they need it – in their classroom. The result is authentic project-based learning for the students and sustainable technology professional development for the teachers. This powerful model has been refined and proven in real classrooms around the world. The students are empowered to see themselves as valuable members of the educational community. They take this responsibility very seriously, becoming invaluable resources and helping teachers and their schools throughout their school career. For six years, Generation Y has been delivered in almost any conceivable school setting. From Native American villages in Alaska and Washington to all secondary schools in the Virgin Islands, to remote towns in Wyoming to urban schools in empowerment zones in Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Seattle, Los Angeles and Washington DC. â€Å"Through this technology infusion, participating educators receive individualized support as they strengthen their use and integration of new technologies. Students learn technology, communication, collaboration, and project management skills in an authentic, personally meaningful context, and many go on to further extend their skills through advanced school or community service projects. † Generation Y is one of most researched educational technology programs in the United States. Since the start of the Technology Innovation Challenge Grant (TICG) program, the Northwest Regional Education Laboratory (NWREL) has served as an independent external evaluator. Feedback from every stakeholder group was woven back into the curriculum materials, the online support tools and the assessment design. The resulting program is a strong model that supports a wide variety of uses and classroom profiles. Test for the effectiveness of curriculum towards meeting its aims and objectives [6] Is it possible to anticipate whether or not the curriculum meets its aims? One simple test to apply makes use of the set of guiding principles of good education proposed by the American Association of Higher Education. According to these a good curriculum should: Encourage staff/student contact Encourage co-operation between students Encourage active learning Provide prompt feedback on performance of both teacher and taught Emphasise `time on the task’ Respect the diverse talents and ways of learning brought to the course by the students Evaluate itself Display a clarity of aims and objectives. Make use of the educational literature Conclusion One telling criticism that can continue to be made of any approach is that there is no social vision or program to guide the process of curriculum construction. Designing a curriculum not a simple matter and there is no single ‘best’ answer either in the form of the curriculum or even the methodology adopted for its design. A final question we might ask is whether or not it is possible to determine if the result is any good. One way is by always including a careful student of the course once it has been given. Evaluation of this sort is essential and should always be treated seriously, allowing sufficient time in class for any survey questionnaire to be filled out and with the results carefully summarised. It is good practice to post a notice giving the results of the evaluation and providing an instructor’s commentary. References 1. p 10, Kelly 1983, Kelly 1999 2. v50 n6 p488-496 Mar 2007, Stansberry, Susan L. ; Kymes, Angel D. , Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 3. p 23, Blenkin et al 1992: 23 4. p 11, Grundy 1987, Curriculum: Product or Praxis, Lewes 5.77, Stenhouse 1974. 6. David J. Unwin, (1997). Curriculum Design for GIS, NCGIA Core Curriculum in GIScience, 7. http://www. ncgia. ucsb. edu/giscc/units/u159/u159. html, posted January 08, 1998. 8. http://www. newhorizons. org/strategies/technology/martinez. htm 9. Generation Y Evaluation Studies http://www. genyes. org/products/geny/genyresearch 10. Tyler, R. W. (1949) Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction, Chicago 11. Wragg, T. (1997) The Cubic Curriculum, London 12. Aristotle (1976) The Nicomachean Ethics (‘Ethics’), Harmondsworth: Penguin. 13. Barnes, J. (1976) ‘Introduction’ to Aristotle The Nicomachean Ethics (‘Ethics’), Harmondsworth: Penguin. 14. Barrow, R. (1984) Giving Teaching back to Teachers. A critical introduction to curriculum theory, Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books. 15. Blenkin, G. M. et al (1992) Change and the Curricula, London: Paul Chapman. 16. Bobbitt, F. (1918) The Curriculum, Boston: Houghton Mifflin 17. Bobbitt, F. (1928) How to Make a Curriculum, Boston: Houghton Mifflin 18. Carr, W. & Kemmis, S. (1986) Becoming Critical. Education, knowledge and action research, Lewes: Falmer Press 19. Cornbleth, C. (1990) Curriculum in Context, Basingstoke: Falmer Press. 20. Curzon, L. B. (1985) Teaching in Further Education. An outline of principles and practice 3e, London: Cassell. 21. Dewey, J. (1902) The Child and the Curriculum, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 22. Dewey, J. (1938) Experience and Education, New York: Macmillan. 23. Eisner, E. W. (1985) The Art of Educational Evaluation, Lewes: Falmer Press. 24. Foreman, A. (1990) ‘Personality and curriculum’ in T. Jeffs. & M. Smith (eds. ) (1990) Using Informal Education. An alternative to casework, teaching and control? Milton Keynes: Open University Press. Freire, P. (1972) Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Harmondsworth: Penguin. 25. Grundy, S. (1987) Curriculum: product or praxis? Lewes: Falmer Press. 26. Jackson, P. W. (1968) Life in Classrooms, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. 27. Jeffs, T. & Smith, M. (eds. ) (1990) Using Informal Education. An alternative to casework, teaching and control? Milton Keynes: Open University Press. 28. Jeffs, T. J. and Smith, M. K. (1999) Informal Education. Conversation, democracy and learning, Ticknall: Education Now. 29. Kelly, A. V. (1983; 1999) The Curriculum. Theory and practice 4e, London: Paul Chapman. 30. Stenhouse, L. (1975) An introduction to Curriculum Research and Development, London: Heineman. 31. Newman, E. & G. Ingram (1989) The Youth Work Curriculum, London: Further Education Unit (FEU). 32. Taba, H. (1962) Curriculum Development: Theory and practice, New York: Harcourt Brace and World. 33. Tyler, R. W. (1949) Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 34. Usher, R. & I. Bryant (1989) Adult Education as Theory, Practice and Research. The captive triangle, London: Routledge.

Inevitable Torture essays

Inevitable Torture essays If he will not other wayes confesse, the gentler tortours are to be first usid unto him et sic per gradus ad ima tenditur (and so on step by step to the most severe) and so god spede youre goode worke" (London). In this dark time, the medieval world was busy with disciplining an almost anarchic society. With frequent and fabricated allegations of heresy and sacrilege, people gained the lust for blood and cruelty. The Medieval Inquisition can be primarily blamed for all the mistreatment and torture. It went so far as to authorize a controlled form of torture in interrogations. It quickly became uncontrollable and many people were affected by some method of torture or inexorable death. Every day, human life was becoming less important. Torture was inevitable; it was brought upon by criticism and false accusations of one being a heretic. Being accused of heresy was defined as a deliberate denial of an article of truth of the Catholic faith (Medieval). Heresy was a significant crisis in the Middle Ages because many people were not true to their priestly vows (Inquisition). It was the job of the bishops to investigate heresy (Inquisition). As time pressed on, heresy finally needed to be repressed, and by order of Pope Gregory IX, the Medieval Inquisition was instituted in 1231 (Medieval). This Inquisition was instituted in order to punish heretics and keep the society safe (Inquisition). It was not until 1233 that the Inquisition was a general institution accepted by most of Europe (Medieval). The cause for conflict during the time of the Inquisition was the social acceptance that a heretic was a threat to humanity (Inquisition). A heretic was hated more than a criminal by the townspeople because he or she w as looked upon as killing their own souls and the souls of innocent ones (Medieval). As the Inquisition proceeded, more and more it became based on a strictly religious order. The Po...

Early Animation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Early Animation - Essay Example Perhaps it is the silliness, the magic, or that it brings out the Kid in all of us. Regardless of the reason animation has become part of the American popular culture, as well as, all over the world. Although there have been a number of â€Å"animation† concepts developed in the earliest years of the industrial revolution, like Emil Reynaud in France at the turn of the 19th century and Thomas Edison. (McLaughlin 1). Peter Foldes, a Hungarian animator and artist demonstrated free hand drawings that represented early animation in Britain. John Whitney, an American inventor and animator invented the idea of placing the images on 3 layers and rotating tables and photographing them as they spin. However, it is true that animation can lay gratitude for its development, at least in part, to an experiment among well-to-do gentleman. In 1872 the Governor of California, Leland Stanford, wanted to prove that when a horse is in a trot or gallop at some point, all four feet were off the ground. In order to prove that scientifically he hired a photographer named Muybridge to photograph the horse’s movement frame by frame. As can be seen below in this famous set of pictures, that Stanford was quite right, there is a point in the horse’s stride where all four feet are off the ground. Much like a flip book we can take the images and speed them up little by little and the motion of the horse is essentially animated before you dependent on how fast the images are flipped (McLaughlin 1). Just about anybody can name dozens, if not hundreds, of cartoons, both television and big screen, however, most people do not know the differences between animation techniques and the styles of the different, famous animator and animation companies. The topic of animation, its history, concepts, formats, and styles from every era is a very broad one. In order, to understand those styles and techniques better it is best to address the

International Intercultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International Intercultural Management - Essay Example The world intercultural dinner is an annual framework that is meant to diversify the different aspects and cultures of different countries in the entire world, for instance, the traditions, life-styles and circumstances, social distinctions, political loyalties and the understanding of languages. The main goal of this essay is to vividly describe the international, intercultural management of some of the chosen countries within the world. The key chosen countries for this essay will be China and France. The objectivity of the intercultural dinner is to bring leaders together and instill peace in a multicultural setting to bring about a sense of belonging and oneness. This is a good platform for leaders to share their visions and to learn from others who have different perspectives, thereby facilitating the understanding of the different cultures from different countries within the world. In addition, it promotes social cohesion through the embracement of the intercultural dialogue and the understanding of the social diversity (Jacob 2003, p. 30). Therefore, the main objective of the annual intercultural dinner was to bring about a peaceful cohesion through a respectful exchange of views and ideas from different individuals from different cultures, leading to a deeper understanding of the different perspectives embraced by different communities from the entire world. Therefore, intercultural management is defined as the most effective functionality of a diverse group of people becau se of either ethnicity of or nationality. Experts on the intercultural management recommend the use of communication systems and methods, use of organizational cultures that enhances learning as well as the use of human resource management system in order to broaden the diversified field of culture (Jacob 2003, p. 35). France and China have since 1964 developed such a strong political relation, dating back from the period when France developed an official diplomatic